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For a more accessible and less technical introduction to this topic, see. FAT,,,,,, Full name File Allocation Table: FAT12 (12-bit version), FAT16 (16-bit versions), FAT32 (32-bit version with 28 bits used), exFAT (64-bit versions) Introduced 1977 () FAT12: August 1980 (SCP ) FAT16: August 1984 (IBM 3.0) FAT16B: November 1987 ( MS-DOS 3.31) FAT32: August 1996 () exFAT: November 2006 () /:: 0x e.a.: 0x e.a.: 0x e.a.: 0x e.a.: EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7 Structures Directory contents Table File allocation Bad blocks Cluster tagging Limits Max. Volume size FAT12: 32 (256 MB for 64 KB clusters) FAT16: 2 GB (4 GB for 64 KB clusters) FAT32: 2 (16 TB for ) Max.
File size 4,294,967,295 bytes (4 - 1) with FAT16B and FAT32 Max. Number of files FAT12: 4,068 for 8 clusters FAT16: 65,460 for 32 KB clusters FAT32: 268,173,300 for 32 KB clusters Max. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Technical overview [ ] The name of the file system originates from the file system's prominent usage of an index table, the, statically allocated at the time of formatting.
The table contains entries for each, a contiguous area of disk storage. Each entry contains either the number of the next cluster in the file, or else a marker indicating end of file, unused disk space, or special reserved areas of the disk. The root directory of the disk contains the number of the first cluster of each file in that directory; the operating system can then traverse the FAT table, looking up the cluster number of each successive part of the disk file as a cluster chain until the end of the file is reached. In much the same way, sub-directories are implemented as special files containing the directory entries of their respective files. Originally designed as an 8-bit file system, the maximum number of clusters has been significantly increased as disk drives have evolved, and so the number of bits used to identify each cluster has grown.
The successive major versions of the FAT format are named after the number of table element bits: 12 (), 16 (), and 32 (). Except for the original precursor, each of these variants is still in use. The FAT standard has also been expanded in other ways while generally preserving backward compatibility with existing software. Layout [ ] Overview of the order of structures in a FAT partition or disk Region Size in sectors Contents Reserved sectors (number of ) (FAT32 only) More reserved sectors (optional) FAT Region (number of FATs) * (sectors per FAT) #1 File Allocation Table #2. (optional) Root Directory Region (number of root entries * 32) / (bytes per sector) Root (FAT12 and FAT16 only) Data Region (number of clusters) * (sectors per cluster) (for files and directories).
(to end of partition or disk) A FAT file system is composed of four regions: Reserved sectors The first reserved sector (logical sector 0) is the (also called or simply VBR). It includes an area called the ( BPB) which contains some basic file system information, in particular its type and pointers to the location of the other sections, and usually contains the operating system's code.
Important information from the Boot Sector is accessible through an operating system structure called the ( DPB) in DOS and OS/2. The total count of reserved sectors is indicated by a field inside the Boot Sector, and is usually 32 on FAT32 file systems. For FAT32 file systems, the reserved sectors include a at logical sector 1 and a Backup Boot Sector at logical sector 6. While many other vendors have continued to utilize a single-sector setup (logical sector 0 only) for the bootstrap loader, Microsoft's boot sector code has grown to span over logical sectors 0 and 2 since the introduction of FAT32, with logical sector 0 depending on sub-routines in logical sector 2. The Backup Boot Sector area consists of three logical sectors 6, 7, and 8 as well.
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